1. Functions
5. Graphing and transforming functions
8. Counting and binomial expansion
12. Advanced trigonometry
30. Miscellaneous questions
NB: Sample chapters do not have working links.
Mathematics for the International Student: Mathematics HL has been written to reflect the syllabus for the two-year IB Diploma Mathematics HL course. It is not our intention to define the course. Teachers are encouraged to use other resources. We have developed the book independently of the International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) in consultation with many experienced teachers of IB Mathematics. The text is not endorsed by the IBO.
This second edition builds on the strengths of the first edition. Many excellent suggestions were received from teachers around the world and these are reflected in the changes. In some cases sections have been consolidated to allow for greater efficiency. Changes have also been made in response to the introduction of a calculator-free examination paper. A large number of questions, including some to challenge even the best students, have been added. In particular, the final chapter contains over 200 miscellaneous questions, some of which require the use of a graphics calculator. These questions have been included to provide more difficult challenges for students and to give them experience at working with problems that may or may not require the use of a graphics calculator.
The combination of textbook and interactive Student CD will foster the mathematical development of students in a stimulating way. Frequent use of the interactive features on the CD is certain to nurture a much deeper understanding and appreciation of mathematical concepts.
The book contains many problems from the basic to the advanced, to cater for a wide range of student abilities and interests. While some of the exercises are simply designed to build skills, every effort has been made to contextualise problems, so that students can see everyday uses and practical applications of the mathematics they are studying, and appreciate the universality of mathematics.
Emphasis is placed on the gradual development of concepts with appropriate worked examples, but we have also provided extension material for those who wish to go beyond the scope of the syllabus. Some proofs have been included for completeness and interest although they will not be examined.
For students who may not have a good understanding of the necessary background knowledge for this course, we have provided printable pages of information, examples, exercises and answers on the Student CD. To access these pages, simply click on the ‘Background knowledge’ icons when running the CD.
It is not our intention that each chapter be worked through in full. Time constraints will not allow for this. Teachers must select exercises carefully, according to the abilities and prior knowledge of their students, to make the most efficient use of time and give as thorough coverage of work as possible.
Investigations throughout the book will add to the discovery aspect of the course and enhance student understanding and learning. Many Investigations could be developed into portfolio assignments. Teachers should follow the guidelines for portfolio assignments to ensure they set acceptable portfolio pieces for their students that meet the requirement criteria for the portfolios. Review sets appear at the end of each chapter and a suggested order for teaching the two-year course is given at the end of this Foreword.
The extensive use of graphics calculators and computer packages throughout the book enables students to realise the importance, application and appropriate use of technology. No single aspect of technology has been favoured. It is as important that students work with a pen and paper as it is that they use their calculator or graphics calculator, or use a spreadsheet or graphing package on computer.
The interactive features of the CD allow immediate access to our own specially designed geometry packages, graphing packages and more. Teachers are provided with a quick and easy way to demonstrate concepts, and students can discover for themselves and re-visit when necessary.
Instructions appropriate to each graphic calculator problem are on the CD and can be printed for students. These instructions are written for Texas Instruments and Casio calculators.
In this changing world of mathematics education, we believe that the contextual approach shown in this book, with the associated use of technology, will enhance the students’ understanding, knowledge and appreciation of mathematics, and its universal application.
The interactive CD is ideal for independent study. Frequent use will nurture a deeper understanding of Mathematics. Students can revisit concepts taught in class and undertake their own revision and practice. The CD also has the text of the book, allowing students to leave the textbook at school and keep the CD at home.
The icon denotes an Interactive Link on the CD. Simply ‘click’ the icon to access a range of interactive features:
For a complete list of all the active links on the Mathematics HL CORE second edition CD, click here.
For those who want to make sure they have the prerequisite levels of understanding for this course, printable pages of background informations, examples, exercises and answers and provided on the CD. Click the ‘Background knowledge’ icon on pages 12 and 248.
Graphics calculators: Instructions for using graphics calculators are also given on the CD and can be printed. Instructions are given for Texas Instruments and Casio calculators. Click on the relevant icon (TI or C) to access the instructions for the other type of calculator.
Students are reminded that in assessment tasks, including examination papers, unless otherwise stated in the question, all numerical answers must be given exactly or to three significant figures.
Click Use in combined SL & HL classes for guidance in using this textbook in HL and SL combined classes, or email hannah@haesemathematics.com.au.
This is a companion to the Mathematics HL (Core) textbook. It offers coverage of each of the following options:
In addition, coverage of the Geometry option for students undertaking the IB Diploma course Further Mathematics is presented on the CD that accompanies the HL Options book.
A separated book of WORKED SOLUTIONS give the fully worked solutions for every question (discussions, investigations and projects excepted) in each chapter of the Mathematics HL (Core) textbook. The HL (CORE) EXAMINATION PREPARATION & PRACTICE GUIDE offers additional questions and practice exams to help students prepare for the Mathematics HL examination. For more information email info@haesemathematics.com.au.
| Symbols and notation used in this book | 10 | ||
| Background knowledge | 12 | ||
| A | Surds and radicals | CD | |
| B | Scientific notation (Standard form) | CD | |
| C | Number systems and set notation | CD | |
| D | Algebraic simplification | CD | |
| E | Linear equations and inequalities | CD | |
| F | Modulus or absolute value | CD | |
| G | Product expansion | CD | |
| H | Factorisation | CD | |
| I | Formula rearrangement | CD | |
| J | Adding and subtracting algebraic fractions | CD | |
| K | Congruence and similarity | CD | |
| L | Coordinate geometry | CD | |
| ANSWERS | CD | ||
| 1 | Functions | 17 | |
| A | Relations and functions | 18 | |
| B | Function notation, domain and range | 21 | |
| C | Composite functions, f o g | 27 | |
| D | Sign diagrams | 28 | |
| E | Inequalities (inequations) | 32 | |
| F | The modulus function | 35 | |
| G | The reciprocal function x → 1/x | 41 | |
| H | Asymptotes of other rational functions | 42 | |
| I | Inverse functions | 44 | |
| J | Functions which have inverses | 46 | |
| Review set 1A | 49 | ||
| Review set 1B | 50 | ||
| Review set 1C | 51 | ||
| 2 | Sequences and series | 53 | |
| A | Number patterns | 54 | |
| B | Sequences of numbers | 54 | |
| C | Arithmetic sequences | 56 | |
| D | Geometric sequences | 59 | |
| E | Series | 65 | |
| F | Miscellaneous problems | 72 | |
| Review set 2A | 74 | ||
| Review set 2B | 75 | ||
| Review set 2C | 76 | ||
| 3 | Exponentials | 77 | |
| A | Index notation | 78 | |
| B | Evaluating powers | 79 | |
| C | Index laws | 80 | |
| D | Algebraic expansion and factorisation | 84 | |
| E | Exponential equations | 87 | |
| F | Graphs of exponential functions | 88 | |
| G | Growth and decay | 91 | |
| H | The natural exponential ‘e’ | 95 | |
| Review set 3A | 98 | ||
| Review set 3B | 99 | ||
| Review set 3C | 99 | ||
| 4 | Logarithms | 101 | |
| A | Logarithms | 102 | |
| B | Logarithms in base 10 | 104 | |
| C | Laws of logarithms | 106 | |
| D | Natural logarithms | 110 | |
| E | Exponential equations using logarithms | 112 | |
| F | The change of base rule | 114 | |
| G | Graphs of logarithmic functions | 115 | |
| H | Growth and decay | 120 | |
| Review set 4A | 122 | ||
| Review set 4B | 123 | ||
| Review set 4C | 123 | ||
| Review set 4D | 124 | ||
| 5 | Graphing and transforming functions | 125 | |
| A | Families of functions | 126 | |
| B | Transformations of graphs | 128 | |
| C | Simple rational functions | 133 | |
| D | Further graphical transformations | 137 | |
| Review set 5A | 140 | ||
| Review set 5B | 141 | ||
| 6 | Quadratic equations and functions | 143 | |
| A | Solving quadratic equations (Review) | 145 | |
| B | The discriminant of a quadratic | 149 | |
| C | The sum and product of the roots | 152 | |
| D | Graphing quadratic functions | 153 | |
| E | Finding a quadratic from its graph | 161 | |
| F | Where functions meet | 165 | |
| G | Problem solving with quadratics | 167 | |
| H | Quadratic optimisation | 170 | |
| Review set 6A | 173 | ||
| Review set 6B | 174 | ||
| Review set 6C | 175 | ||
| Review set 6D | 175 | ||
| Review set 6E | 176 | ||
| 7 | Complex numbers and polynomials | 177 | |
| A | Solutions of real quadratics with Δ < 0 | 178 | |
| B | Complex numbers | 180 | |
| C | Real polynomials | 188 | |
| D | Roots, zeros and factors | 193 | |
| E | Graphing polynomials | 201 | |
| F | Theorems for real polynomials | 208 | |
| Review set 7A | 210 | ||
| Review set 7B | 211 | ||
| Review set 7C | 212 | ||
| 8 | Counting and the binomial expansion | 213 | |
| A | The product principle | 214 | |
| B | Counting paths | 216 | |
| C | Factorial notation | 217 | |
| D | Permutations | 219 | |
| E | Combinations | 223 | |
| F | Binomial expansions | 226 | |
| G | The general binomial expansion | 229 | |
| Review set 8A | 231 | ||
| Review set 8B | 232 | ||
| 9 | Mathematical induction | 233 | |
| A | The process of induction | 234 | |
| B | The principle of mathematical induction | 236 | |
| C | Indirect proof (extension) | 244 | |
| Review set 9A | 245 | ||
| Review set 9B | 245 | ||
| Review set 9C | 246 | ||
| 10 | The unit circle and radian measure | 247 | |
| Background knowledge – Trigonometry with right angled triangles | CD | ||
| A | Radian measure | 248 | |
| B | Arc length and sector area | 250 | |
| C | The unit circle and the basic trigonometric ratios | 253 | |
| D | Areas of triangles | 263 | |
| Review set 10A | 266 | ||
| Review set 10B | 267 | ||
| Review set 10C | 268 | ||
| 11 | Non-right angled triangle trigonometry | 269 | |
| A | The cosine rule | 270 | |
| B | The sine rule | 272 | |
| C | Using the sine and cosine rules | 277 | |
| Review set 11A | 280 | ||
| Review set 11B | 281 | ||
| 12 | Advanced trigonometry | 283 | |
| A | Observing periodic behaviour | 285 | |
| B | The sine function | 288 | |
| C | Modelling using sine functions | 293 | |
| D | The cosine function | 296 | |
| E | The tangent function | 297 | |
| F | Trigonometric equations | 299 | |
| G | Using trigonometric models | 305 | |
| H | Reciprocal trigonometric functions | 307 | |
| I | Trigonometric relationships | 309 | |
| J | Compound angle formulae | 310 | |
| K | Double angle formulae | 314 | |
| L | Trigonometric equations in quadratic form | 318 | |
| M | Trigonometric series and products | 318 | |
| Review set 12A | 319 | ||
| Review set 12B | 320 | ||
| Review set 12C | 321 | ||
| Review set 12D | 322 | ||
| 13 | Matrices | 323 | |
| A | Matrix structure | 324 | |
| B | Matrix operations and definitions | 326 | |
| C | The inverse of a 2 × 2 matrix | 342 | |
| D | 3 × 3 and larger matrices | 348 | |
| E | Solving systems of linear equations | 350 | |
| F | Solving systems using row operations | 354 | |
| G | Induction with matrices | 364 | |
| Review set 13A | 366 | ||
| Review set 13B | 367 | ||
| Review set 13C | 368 | ||
| Review set 13D | 369 | ||
| Review set 13E | 370 | ||
| 14 | Vectors in 2 and 3 dimensions | 371 | |
| A | Vectors | 372 | |
| B | Operations with vectors | 375 | |
| C | 2-D vectors in component form | 383 | |
| D | 3-D coordinate geometry | 388 | |
| E | 3-D vectors in component form | 390 | |
| F | Algebraic operations with vectors | 393 | |
| G | Parallelism | 398 | |
| H | Unit vectors | 400 | |
| I | The scalar product of two vectors | 402 | |
| J | The vector product of two vectors | 407 | |
| Review set 14A | 416 | ||
| Review set 14B | 417 | ||
| Review set 14C | 418 | ||
| Review set 14D | 419 | ||
| Review set 14E | 420 | ||
| 15 | Complex numbers | 421 | |
| A | Complex numbers as 2-D vectors | 422 | |
| B | Modulus, argument, polar form | 425 | |
| C | De Moivre's Theorem | 438 | |
| D | Roots of complex numbers | 441 | |
| E | Further complex number problems | 445 | |
| Review set 15A | 445 | ||
| Review set 15B | 446 | ||
| Review set 15C | 447 | ||
| 16 | Lines and planes in space | 449 | |
| A | Lines in 2-D and 3-D | 451 | |
| B | Applications of a line in a plane | 456 | |
| C | Relationship between lines | 461 | |
| D | Planes and distances | 466 | |
| E | Angles in space | 471 | |
| F | The intersection of two or more planes | 473 | |
| Review set 16A | 477 | ||
| Review set 16B | 478 | ||
| Review set 16C | 479 | ||
| Review set 16D | 481 | ||
| 17 | Descriptive statistics | 483 | |
| A | Continuous numerical data and histograms | 485 | |
| B | Measuring the centre of data | 489 | |
| C | Cumulative data | 500 | |
| D | Measuring the spread of data | 502 | |
| E | Statistics using technology | 510 | |
| F | Variance and standard deviation | 512 | |
| G | The significance of standard deviation | 518 | |
| Review set 17A | 520 | ||
| Review set 17B | 522 | ||
| 18 | Probability | 525 | |
| A | Experimental probability | 528 | |
| B | Sample space | 532 | |
| C | Theoretical probability | 533 | |
| D | Compound events | 537 | |
| E | Using tree diagrams | 541 | |
| F | Sampling with and without replacement | 543 | |
| G | Binomial probabilities | 546 | |
| H | Sets and Venn diagrams | 549 | |
| I | Laws of probability | 554 | |
| J | Independent events | 558 | |
| K | Probabilities using permutations and combinations | 560 | |
| L | Bayes’ theorem | 562 | |
| Review set 18A | 564 | ||
| Review set 18B | 565 | ||
| Review set 18C | 566 | ||
| Review set 18D | 568 | ||
| 19 | Introduction to calculus | 569 | |
| A | Limits | 570 | |
| B | Finding asymptotes using limits | 574 | |
| C | Trigonometric limits | 577 | |
| D | Calculation of areas under curves | 579 | |
| Review set 19 | 586 | ||
| 20 | Differential calculus | 589 | |
| A | The derivative function | 592 | |
| B | Derivatives at a given x-value | 595 | |
| C | Simple rules of differentiation | 600 | |
| D | The chain rule | 604 | |
| E | Product and quotient rules | 607 | |
| F | Tangents and normals | 611 | |
| G | Higher derivatives | 616 | |
| Review set 20A | 618 | ||
| Review set 20B | 619 | ||
| Review set 20C | 620 | ||
| 21 | Applications of differential calculus | 621 | |
| A | Time rate of change | 622 | |
| B | General rates of change | 623 | |
| C | Motion in a straight line | 627 | |
| D | Some curve properties | 634 | |
| E | Rational functions | 642 | |
| F | Inflections and shape | 647 | |
| G | Optimisation | 652 | |
| H | Implicit differentiation | 661 | |
| Review set 21A | 664 | ||
| Review set 21B | 665 | ||
| Review set 21C | 666 | ||
| 22 | Derivatives of exponential and logarithmic functions | 667 | |
| A | Exponential e | 668 | |
| B | Natural logarithms | 673 | |
| C | Derivatives of logarithmic functions | 677 | |
| D | Applications | 679 | |
| E | Some special exponential functions | 683 | |
| Review set 22A | 684 | ||
| Review set 22B | 685 | ||
| 23 | Derivatives of circular functions and related rates | 687 | |
| A | Derivatives of circular functions | 688 | |
| B | The derivatives of reciprocal circular functions | 693 | |
| C | The derivatives of inverse circular functions | 694 | |
| D | Maxima and minima with trigonometry | 697 | |
| E | Related rates | 699 | |
| Review set 23A | 704 | ||
| Review set 23B | 705 | ||
| 24 | Integration | 707 | |
| A | Antidifferentiation | 708 | |
| B | The fundamental theorem of calculus | 710 | |
| C | Integration | 715 | |
| D | Integrating eax+b and (ax + b)n | 720 | |
| E | Integrating f(u)u′(x) by substitution | 722 | |
| F | Integrating circular functions | 724 | |
| G | Definite integrals | 730 | |
| Review set 24A | 734 | ||
| Review set 24B | 735 | ||
| Review set 24C | 736 | ||
| 25 | Applications of integration | 737 | |
| A | Finding areas between curves | 738 | |
| B | Motion problems | 744 | |
| C | Problem solving by integration | 748 | |
| Review set 25A | 752 | ||
| Review set 25B | 753 | ||
| Review set 25C | 755 | ||
| 26 | Volumes of revolution | 757 | |
| A | Solids of revolution | 758 | |
| B | Volumes for two defining functions | 762 | |
| Review set 26 | 765 | ||
| 27 | Further integration and differential equations | 767 | |
| A | The integrals of 1/√(a2 - x2) and 1/(x2 + a2) | 768 | |
| B | Further integration by substitution | 769 | |
| C | Integration by parts | 771 | |
| D | Miscellaneous integration | 773 | |
| E | Separable differential equations | 774 | |
| Review set 27A | 783 | ||
| Review set 27B | 784 | ||
| 28 | Statistical distributions of discrete random variables | 785 | |
| A | Discrete random variables | 786 | |
| B | Discrete probability distributions | 788 | |
| C | Expectation | 791 | |
| D | The measures of a discrete random variable | 794 | |
| E | The binomial distribution | 801 | |
| F | The Poisson distribution | 807 | |
| Review set 28A | 810 | ||
| Review set 28B | 812 | ||
| 29 | Statistical distributions of continuous random variables | 813 | |
| A | Continuous probability density functions | 814 | |
| B | Normal distributions | 817 | |
| C | The standard normal distribution (Z-distribution) | 821 | |
| D | Applications of the normal distribution | 828 | |
| Review set 29A | 830 | ||
| Review set 29B | 831 | ||
| 30 | Miscellaneous questions | 833 | |
| ANSWERS | 857 | ||
| INDEX | 933 | ||